Error creating thumbnail: File missing Join our Discord!
If you have been locked out of your account you can request a password reset here.

The X-Files

From Internet Movie Firearms Database - Guns in Movies, TV and Video Games
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Error creating thumbnail: File missing

Nice, but where's the trigger?

This article or section is incomplete. You can help IMFDB by expanding it.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
The X-Files (1993-2002)

The X-Files is the cult science fiction supernatural television series that starred David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson as FBI agents who were assigned to investigate cases that are associated with the paranormal. The series aired on the FOX network from 1993 to 2002, and would spawn two feature films: 1998's The X-Files: Fight the Future and 2008's The X-Files: I Want To Believe.

The following weapons were used in the television series The X-Files:



Handguns

Taurus PT92

At the beginning of the first season (Pilot until episode 1X04 "The Jersey Devil"), FBI Special Agent Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) used a Taurus PT92. Mulder fired the Taurus only once, in episode 1X03 "Conduit", to chase away a pack of wolves. PT92s also appeared in several other episodes from the first season.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Taurus PT92 - 9x19mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
1X03 "Conduit"

Glock 19

After a few episodes in the first season, Mulder switched to a Glock 19, which he used for the remaining episodes of the season (from episode 1X05 "Shadows" until episode 1X23 "The Erlenmeyer Flask"). It is a second generation Glock 19, identified by the checkering on the front and rear straps of the pistol grip. In episode 1X20 "Tooms" Mulder lost the Glock in a narrow escalator maintenance tunnel. Glock 19s were also carried by some of the elite soldiers in episode 1X09 "Fallen Angel", though they never fired their weapons (the invisible alien fried them all with its heat weapon before they could).

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Glock 19 - 9x19mm (2nd generation Glock)
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
1X07 "Ice"
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
1X09 "Fallen Angel"
File:Vlcsnap-209094.jpg
Elite soldier wields a Glock 19 in 1X09 "Fallen Angel"

Bernardelli Model 60

From the pilot episode until episode 1X06 "Ghost In The Machine" Scully carried a Bernardelli Model 60 .32 ACP pocket pistol. It is a single action straight blowback weapon with a frame mounted manual safety. The Model 60 was introduced in 1959, the magazine release is located at the butt of the pistol grip. It features a "VB" logo (Vincenzo Bernardelli) on the left grip. Scully's Model 60 has brown grips.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Bernardelli Model 60 chambered in .32 ACP
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
1X02 "Deep Throat", Bernardelli Mod.60
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
1X02 "Deep Throat", Bernardelli in the floorboard of a car with broken glass of the side window
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
1X03 "Conduit", Bernardelli in holster, Nokia 101 cell phone and M-100 Smith & Wesson handcuffs

Manurhin PPK (Walther clone)

For a lot of the first season, FBI Special Agent Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) carried a Manurhin PPK .32 ACP (French clone under license of Walther).

Scully carried the PPK from episode 1X07 "Ice" until episode 1X23 "The Erlenmeyer Flask". In episode 3X01 "The Blessing Way" Scully again used the PPK for a last time, when the FBI did confiscate her regular P228 service pistol. In episode 1X09 "Fallen Angel" the Manurhin PPK had a misfeed, perhaps because Scully didn't rack the slide with enough fervor.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Manurhin PPK .32 ACP, a French clone of the German Walther PPK
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
1X09 "Fallen Angel", Manurhin PPK misfeed
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
1X11 "Fire", Manurhin PPK .32 ACP
File:1X15 YaH Manurhin PPK.jpg
1X15 "Young At Heart", Scully's Manurhin, marked "LIC. WALTHER PPK" on the bottom of the grips

Walther PPK

Fox Mulder can be seen carrying a Walther PPK as a back up pistol ("I got tired of losing my gun!") to his main sidearm, kept in an ankle holster (episodes: 3X09 "Nisei", 3X10 "731" and 4X10 "Paper Hearts").

It is also worth noting in Season 8 episode 11 titled "The Gift" flashbacks are shown of Fox Mulder using his PPK to shoot and attempt to kill a soul eater who cured him of a terminal disease, to relieve it of its suffering. Agent Doggett discovers a Walther taped under Mulder's bathroom sink in it's holster. But this gun is an Interarms/Walther PPK/S, not the regular PPK model which Mulder used (the model PPK/S has a larger frame than the PPK).

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Walther PPK in 6.35mm auto (.25 ACP), 7.65x17mm (.32 ACP) Auto or 9x17mm (.380 ACP)
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
3X09 "Nisei", Walther PPK

SIG-Sauer P226

In Season 2, Mulder started using a SIG-Sauer P226. This weapon first appeared in the Season 2 premiere "Little Green Men", when Mulder tried in vain to shoot an alien with his newly-issued P226 (despite SIGs' "Hell and Back" reliability, firearms do not function when UFOs are around in The X-Files). Following this episode, Mulder carried the P226 for the entirety of the show, with the exception of Season 3, when he and Scully both used Smith & Wesson 5906s.

Many of the other FBI Agents throughout the show, including Agent John Doggett (Robert Patrick) also use P226s.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
SIG-Sauer P226 - 9x19mm, right side
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
2X01 "Little Green Men"
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
4X18 "Max"
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
From 4X18 "Max". This is probably the best close-up of Mulder's SIG P226 in the entire show.
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
5X04 "Detour"
File:XFilesP228-6.jpg
5X14 "The Red And The Black", P226
Mulder's SIG Sauer P226 prop gun and several props

SIG-Sauer P228

Beginning with Season 2, Scully started using a SIG-Sauer P228, which subsequently became her sidearm for the entire show (Season 3 notwithstanding, when she and Mulder both used Smith & Wesson 5906s). Alex Krycek (Nicholas Lea), Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi), Monica Reyes (Annabeth Gish) and some of the other FBI Agents on the show also used the P228. Mulder took Krycek's P228 in episode 3x15 "Piper Maru". Scully used a P228 from episode 2X03 "Blood" until episode 3X01 "The Blessing Way", and then again from episode 6X01 "The Beginning". Mr. X (Steven Williams) also carries a P228 in episodes 2X08 "One Breath" and 2X17 "End Game". In "One Breath", X describes his P228 as a "high-capacity compact SIG-Sauer .40-caliber weapon". The P228 is only available in 9x19mm, so Mr. X did not correctly describe the weapon's caliber (the prop weapon used in the episode is clearly a P228 and not a P229).

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
SIG-Sauer P228 - 9x19mm, 13 round magazine
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
2X17 "End Game": Beginning with Season 2, Scully started using a SIG-Sauer P228.
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
6X05 "Dreamland II"
Scully's SIG Sauer P228 prop gun and several props

SIG-Sauer P225

There were several episodes, mostly in Season 5, where Scully used a SIG-Sauer P225 rather than the P228 she used normally. This might have occurred because the show's armorer was unable to bring a P228 on-set for those particular episodes. Scully used the P225 from episode 4X02 "Unruhe" until episode 5X20 "The End".

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
SIG-Sauer P225 - 9x19mm, 8 round magazine
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Former Russian KGB agent Vassily Peskow (Jan Pubes) holds Scully at gunpoint with her P225 in 4X10 "Terma"
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
5X04 "Detour"

Smith & Wesson 5906

Although they use SIG-Sauer pistols in Season 2, both Mulder and Scully switch to using Smith & Wesson 5906s as their sidearms for all of Season 3. After this season, they resume using their respective SIG pistols (P226 for Mulder, P228 for Scully). Skinner is also seen using a 5906 as his carry weapon. Part of Smith & Wesson's 'Third Generation' semiautos, the 5906 is chambered to fire 9x19mm Luger (Parabellum) ammunition, has fully ambidextrous safety levers, a one piece rear wraparound grip and construction is all stainless steel. The S&W 5906s used by Mulder and Scully also have adjustable rear sights, black triggers and hammers.

Mulder and Scully used the 5906 from episode 3X03 "D.P.O." until episode 4X01 "Herrenvolk". In episode 3X13 "Syzygi" Scully and Mulder's 5906s had accidental discharges (as did several other firearms).

NOTE: Several users have suggested that these pistols might be the Smith & Wesson 1076 in 10mm, which was briefly used by the FBI. This is incorrect; the 1076 has a single-stack frame, while the pistols in the show have double-stack frames, meaning that they can only be the model S&W 5906. The show's guns are not the .40-caliber model 4006, because the 4006's frame features checkering on the grip, missing on the show's Smith & Wessons (the 5906 frame has vertical grooves on the grip). The model S&W 1076 can be easily distinguished from the S&W 5906, as the 1076 is hammerless, has no manual safety and a frame mounted de-cocking lever. This is a TV show, not real life, and movie/television armorers have always tended to use 9mm pistols rather than larger calibers, because 9mm blanks are more reliable to cycle in pistols than larger calibers.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Smith & Wesson 5906, late model with adjustable sights - 9x19mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
3X03 "D.P.O."
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
3X20 "Jose Chung's From Outer Space"
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
4X01 "Herrenvolk"

Smith & Wesson 5904

In the Season 2 episode "Duane Barry", Duane Barry (Steve Railsback) carries a Smith & Wesson 5904 that he took from a guard at the mental institute.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Early Model Smith & Wesson 5904 - 9x19mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
2X05 "Duane Barry"

Makarov PM

In the episode "Terma", a number of Russian guards on horseback are seen armed with Makarov PM handguns as they shoot at Mulder while he was escaping the Tunguska gulag.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Makarov PM - 9x18mm Makarov

Beretta 92FS

Beretta 92FS pistols were commonly seen in the hands of police officers, sheriffs, a number of FBI agents and US military personnel. Agent Layla Harrison (Jolie Jenkins), Doggett's partner in 8x19 "Alone" notably carries a 92FS as her sidearm.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Beretta 92FS - 9x19mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
A Beretta 92FS in the hands of a U.S. soldier in 2X25 "Anasazi".

Colt M1911A1

An M1911A1 is seen in the Season 2 episode "Sleepless"

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
World War 2 issued Colt M1911A1 Pistol - .45 ACP

Webley Revolver

Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) is armed with what appears to be a Webley Revolver in The X-Files/Millennium crossover episode "Millennium" (7X04)

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Webley Mk VI - .455 Webley
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Frank Black checks his ammo.

Walther P38

Walther P38s are wielded by German soldiers in the episode "Triangle" (6X03).

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Walther P38 pistol (manufactured at the Mauser Factory) - World War II dated - 9x19mm

Browning Hi-Power

Used by the evil guy in s8e17.

Jericho 941

Used by Langley to "shoot" Suzanne Modeski in 6X20 "Three of a Kind".

Rifles

Colt Model 733 Commando

Several episodes in Season 1 feature appearances of Colt Model 733 "Commandos", usually in the hands of military personnel and SWAT officers. There's a great close-up of this gun in the second episode, "Deep Throat".

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Colt Model 733 5.56mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
A Military Police officer with his Colt Model 733 at the ready from 1X02 "Deep Throat".

Colt AR-15 SP1 (Mocked Up as M16A2)

There are many episodes, especially in the early seasons, where U.S. military personnel are armed with Colt AR-15 SP1 rifles with M16A2-style hand guards, standing in for the M16A2 service rifles that the soldiers should be using in real life. You can tell because the receivers of the guns don't have the "fencing" around the magazine release, plus they lack the A2-style rear sights, shell deflectors, and forward assists. These are not fired on the episode, but they can be full auto conversions since armorers in both Canada and the U.S. picked up many SP1 conversions during the 1970s and 1980s.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
M16 aka SP1 (flat "slab side receiver") with A2 style handguards used to impersonate the M16A2 - 5.56x45mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Soldiers conduct maintenance on their rifles; note the lack of a forward assist, shell deflector, and "fencing" around the magazine release; all tell-tale signs of an AR15 SP1.
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
A soldier gets out of a jeep with an AR15 SP1 in hand.

Diemaco C7/Colt Model 715

Because the show was initially filmed in Canada, many of the M16-type rifles in the early season were Diemaco C7s, or, more likely, the Olympic Arms K4B equivalent, which seems to be favored by the Canadian armorers. These weapons appeared in the hands of U.S. military personnel as an M16A2 stand-in, particularly in the Season 1 episodes "Deep Throat" (1X02) and "Fallen Angel" (1X09).

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Diemaco C7/Colt Model 715 - 5.56x45mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
An Olympic Arms AR15 (note: Olympic arms did not rename their rifles with the "K" designation until after the 1990s) with A2 Handguards and the Olympic Arms stowaway pistol grip - 5.56x45mm.
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Episode 1X02 "Deep Throat"
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Episode 1X02 "Deep Throat"

Norinco Type 84S

The Norinco Type 84S was often used on the show by Russian soldiers (as an AK-74 stand-in). It was first seen used by guards at the Tunguska gulag in the episode "Terma". In the episode "Patient X" when a unit of Russian soldiers led by Alex Krycek (Nicholas Lea) encountered a UN military force at a UFO abduction site in Kazakhstan, two Russian soldiers were seen armed with AK rifles while the rest of the unit were armed with clubs/nightsticks. There is a possibility that there were not many AK rifles available in Vancouver during the mid-1990s, which could explain why only two soldiers/gulag guards were armed with rifles while the others were armed with nightsticks.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Norinco Type 84S 5.56x45mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Norinco Type 84S Underfolder Model - 5.56x45mm

There was also a recurring appearance of a folding-stock Type 84 that had a long RPK-style barrel. It appeared several times in the 4th and 5th seasons, most prominently in the episode "Folie A Deux" where it was used by a hostage-taker. This is known as the Type 84S Match variant.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Norinco Type 84S 'Match' long-barrel - 5.56x45mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Episode 5X19 "Folie a Deux"
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Episode 5X19 "Folie a Deux"

AKM

AKMs are seen briefly in the hands of Ivory Coast soldiers in the episode "The Sixth Extinction" (7X01).

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
AKM assault rifle - 7.62x39mm

M16A1

Used by the militia gunmen in the episode "Tunguska". The M16A1 rifle was also used on a regular basis throughout The X-Files run as either a military and/or SWAT weapon. M16A1 rifles can be seen in the Season 2 episode "Sleepless".

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
M16A1 with 30 Round magazine - 5.56x45mm
File:Xfiles Tunguska Militia.JPG
An M16A1 in the hands of a one of the militia.

M16A2

M16A2 rifles were seen in later seasons when production was moved from Vancouver, Canada to Los Angeles, California. They are notably seen in the episode "Providence", in the hands of American soldiers during a battle scene set in the Persian Gulf War.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
M16A2 - 5.56x45mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
9X10 "Providence", American soldiers in the Persian Gulf War return fire with M16A2 rifles during the Battle of Al Busayyah in February 1991.

Steyr AUG

In the Season 2 premiere "Little Green Men", Mulder and Scully were chased away from the Arecibo radio telescope site in Puerto Rico by a Blue Beret Crash Retrieval Unit. The Blue Berets were armed with a number of weapons that were considered "futuristic" back in the mid-1990s when the episode was made, including a Steyr AUG, a Calico M955A with a laser sight, and at least two Mossberg 500 Bullpup shotguns. The leader of the team used another airsoft MP5 (see above).

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Steyr AUG (Austrian Army Version) - 5.56x45mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
2X01 "Little Green Men": The Blue Berets firing their assault weapons at Mulder and Scully as they flee the Arecibo radio telescope site in Puerto Rico. The Berets are armed with (from left to right) Mossberg M500 Bullpups, a Calico M955A, and a Steyr AUG

Ruger AC556

In the episode "First Person Shooter" (7X13), the game guns were the same "M590 assault rifles" used in the show Space: Above and Beyond. This is a modified Ruger AC556 automatic rifle (the full auto version of the Mini-14) fitted in a custom casing. Both Mulder and Scully wielded these weapons after they entered the game world. The weapon was also wielded by Maitreya (Krista Allen) when she fights Scully on the second level of the game.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Ruger AC556 (the full auto version of the Mini 14) - 5.56x45mm. This is the real firearm that was inside the fantasy outer shell.
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Artists rendition of the fictional M590 Assault rifle

Heckler & Koch G36K

In the episode "First Person Shooter", the video game player named "LoFat" was armed with a Heckler & Koch G36K assault carbine.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Heckler & Koch G36K - 5.56x45mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
"LoFat" with his G36K.

AKU-94

AKU-94 rifles with scopes attached (Possibly Trijicon ACOG scopes) were seen in the episode "First Person Shooter".

File:Pix545892796.jpg
AKU-94 Bullpup with polymer magazine - 7.62x39mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing

M14

An M14 rifle is used by a militia gunman in the episode "Tunguska".

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
M14 rifle - 7.62x51mm NATO
File:Xfiles Tunguska Militia.JPG
An M14 is seen in the hands of a militia gunman.

Unknown bolt-action rifle

In the episode "Blood" (2X04), a man is seen firing on a small carnival with an unknown bolt-Action rifle. It is in .308 Winchester as seen from a box of ammo he uses, has a jeweled Bolt, and scope.

Submachine Guns

Steyr SPP

In "First Person Shooter" (7X13), the player Darryl Musashi (Christopher Ng) dual-wielded Steyr SPPs converted to fire full-auto while in the game. The weapon was also wielded by Maitreya (Krista Allen) when she fights Scully on the second level of the game.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Steyr SPP - 9x19mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing

Cobray M11/9

In the episode "First Person Shooter", the players are seen arming themselves with Cobray M11/9s converted to automatic.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Cobray M11/9 - 9x19mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing

Heckler & Koch MP5

There were lots of Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns throughout the show, several different variants in many episodes. Some of the non-firing MP5s appear to have been Tokyo Marui spring-powered airsoft guns, though of course real MP5s were used in firing scenes. In one episode, Scully wielded an MP5A3 with a Surefire forearm during a scene where she and Mulder participate in an FBI takedown of a militia group.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Heckler & Koch MP5A3 with "slimline" forearm -9x19mm
File:Vlcsnap-215642.jpg
1X09 "Fallen Angel"
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Heckler & Koch MP5SD3 with S-E-F trigger group and stock extended - 9x19mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
The militia group in 5X18 "The Pine Bluff Variant" also used MP5SDs during the bank robbery

MP-40

Used by German soldiers in the episode "Triangle".

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
MP-40 - 9x19mm

Spectre M4

Along all the MP5s, the militia group Mulder infiltrates in 5X18 "The Pine Bluff Variant" also uses a Spectre M4 SMG.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Spectre M4 - 9x19mm
File:TXF5X18 SpectreM4 1.jpg
A Spectre M4 carried by a militia bank robber

Calico M955A

In the first episode of Season 2, "Little Green Men", Mulder and Scully were chased away from the Arecibo radio telescope site in Puerto Rico by a Blue Beret Crash Retrieval Unit. The Blue Berets were armed with a number of weapons that were considered "futuristic" back in the mid-1990s when the episode was made, including a Steyr AUG, a Calico M955A with a laser sight, and at least two Mossberg 500 Bullpup shotguns. The leader of the team used another airsoft MP5 (see above).

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Calico M955A Intermediate length Select fire carbine - 9x19mm
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
The Blue Berets firing their assault weapons at Mulder and Scully as they flee the Arecibo radio telescope site in Puerto Rico. The Berets are armed with (from left to right) Mossberg M500 Bullpups, a Calico M955A, and a Steyr AUG

Shotguns

Mossberg 500 Bullpup

In the first episode of Season 2, "Little Green Men", Mulder and Scully were chased away from the Arecibo radio telescope site in Puerto Rico by a Blue Beret Crash Retrieval Unit. The Blue Berets were armed with a number of weapons that were considered "futuristic" back in the mid-1990s when the episode was made, including a Steyr AUG, a Calico M955A with a laser sight, and at least two Mossberg 500 Bullpup shotguns. The leader of the team used another airsoft MP5 (see above). In addition to this, government agents use the Mosberg 500 Bullpup in many other episodes.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Mossberg 500 Bullpup - 12 gauge
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
The Blue Berets firing their assault weapons at Mulder and Scully as they flee the Arecibo radio telescope site in Puerto Rico. The Berets are armed with (from left to right) Mossberg M500 Bullpups, a Calico M955A, and a Steyr AUG

Various pump-action shotguns

The pump-action shotgun was commonly used by many characters during The X-Files, namely in the hand of police officers, sheriffs, SWAT team members, FBI agents, and US soldiers. The kinds of pump-action shotguns used on The X-Files were mostly Remington 870s, Winchester 1300s, Mossberg 500s/590s, and Ithaca 37s.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Remington 870 New Model with Black Synthetic Furniture and extended magazine tube - 12 gauge
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Winchester M1300 with extended tube & rubber Butt pad - 12 gauge
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Mossberg 500 'Persuader' - 12 gauge
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Mossberg 590 with heat-shield and extended magazine tube - 12 gauge
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Ithaca Model 37 riot version - 12 gauge

Machine Guns

Daewoo K3

In the episode "First Person Shooter, the virtual enemy combatants in the video game, dressed like pseudo Nazis, used Daewoo K3 LMGs with the stocks removed and 100-round drum magazines fitted.

File:Korean Pig.jpg
An Daewoo K3 with a disintegrating belt attached - 5.56x45mm NATO

M60 machine gun

The M60 machine gun is used by the US military throughout the series, usually as a vehicle-mounted weapon on the US Army's Jeeps and Humvees.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
M60 machine gun - 7.62x51mm NATO
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
M60 machine gun mounted on a Jeep in 1X09 "Fallen Angel"

Other

Knight's Armament Model R-2 Suppressed Revolver Rifle

Used by a Quiet Willy to shoot the Smoking Man in Season 5 Episode 2 "Redux II" This is the Knight's Armament R2 system. It's a Ruger super redhawk modified to having the gap between the ammunition cylinder and the barrel closed. The idea was to create an effect similar to that of the Nagant Revolver. Once this was done, a sound suppressor could be effectively employed. Needless to say, the life of the weapon was rather short as it wore out quickly due to the cylinder grinding down steel when rubbing against the barrel as it turned.


Misc

Showcase displaying prop guns at X-Files-Expo, Washington 1998